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Rumah asih rahma

Lihat Rumah Asih Rahma di peta yang lebih besar

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Antariksa

Klik gambar Untuk memperbesar

Jagat Raya

Permukaan Bulan

Pelanet Bumi

Pelanet Mars

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Making Sensors

Overview | Download | Documentation | Sample Projects   Making a GoGo board | Board Versions | Links | FAQ
Making Sensors revision 0.91 by Arnan (Roger) Sipitakiat arnans@media.mit.edu Please visit http://www.gogoboard.org for the latest version of this document. [Printer friendly PDF version] Contents: Knowing how sensors work on the GoGo board Resistance Calculating the sensor readings Sensor ports on the GoGo board Active and Passive Sensors Making Passive Sensors Touch Sensors Paper and Aluminum foil Ice-cream sticks and aluminum foil Sandwich touch sensors Commercial switches Light Sensors A Simple Humidity Sensor Temperature Sensors Making Active Sensors Reflective Light Sensors Hall Effect (Magnetic field) Sensor Where to find sensors Other references Knowing how sensors work on the GoGo board Resistance In most cases, the value you get from a sensor indicates the "resistance" of the sensor. Resistance is a very basic property of any material. Metal has extremely low resistance. Thus, they conduct electricity very well. On the other hand, plastic or rubber have very high resistance. Almost no electricity can flow though them. That is why we use them to coat electricity wires. Here is a simple rule: the higher the resistance, the higher value you will get from the GoGo board. Since air does not conduct electricity (unless you have a very high voltage), your get 1023 (the highest reading) from a sensor port without a sensor connected.  It is then not hard to guess that when you get a reading of zero, it means your sensor has no resistance (like a piece of wire). There are also many sensors that change their resistance according to some particular property of the environment. Examples of these sensors include light, temperature, pressure, etc. Calculating the sensor readings For those who are interested in the deeper technical details, there is a 33K reference resistor on each sensor port, which is used to determine the readings you get. The figure below shows how the reference resistor is arranged. The Microcontroller measures the voltage drop across the sensor, which can be calculated from the following equation. V = 5 x ( Rs / (33K + Rs)) Where Rs = Sensor resistance Now, we know that if the voltage drop is 5v, we get a reading of 1023. We can use the same equation to determine the sensor readings directly. Sensor Readings = 1023 x (Rs / (33k + Rs)) For example if our sensor has a resistance of 10k Ohm, our sensor reading will be: 1023 x (10000 / (33000 + 10000)) = 238 Sensor ports on the GoGo board The GoGo board has eight sensor ports. Each of them has three pins, as shown in the illustration below. Rows one and two (Ground and Sensor Input) are the ones most simple sensors use. Row three is an extra power supply for active sensors that needs a power source to function properly. Active and Passive Sensors Sensors that have been mentioned so far are called passive sensors. They do not need separate power to operate. Active sensors, on the other hand, are sensors that need their own power. An easy way to distinguish active sensors from passive ones is to count the number of pins it has. Active sensors have an extra third pin to get the power it needs while passive sensors have only two. Active sensors are more complex, but they open up a broad range of sensing possibilities. Examples of active sensors include Infrared sensors [it detects presence, distance], Hall effect sensors [detects magnetic field], noise sensors, vibration sensors, etc. Making Passive Sensors Here you will see how to make three passive sensors: touch, light, and temperature. All passive sensors only need two pins (pin 1 and 2 ). Touch Sensors Touch sensors are one of the simplest sensors but yet they are most useful. The general ideas is very simple: you have two conductive objects that would touch each other when activated (i.e. pressed, stepped on) or vise versa. Here are some examples of touch sensors. Paper and Aluminum foil. This is probably the easiest way to make a touch sensor. You attach some aluminum foil to two pieces of paper that are folded in a way that will make the foil touch when pressed. You then connect one lead to each foil. You can, of course, replace aluminum foil with other conductive elements (i.e. paper clips  or nails). Ice-cream sticks and aluminum foil. Ice-cream sticks are excellent for making simple structures. It is stronger than paper. Therefor, when used with aluminum foil, we can make touch sensors that are much more rigid. The following picture shows one example. Sandwich touch sensors Making this type of sensor you need two conductive contacts sandwiching a non-conductive material. Overhead transparency films are nice as they are flexible. You can stick or glue aluminum foil to them and use two of them to sandwich a piece of cardboard paper. You punch holes in the cardboard allowing the foils to touch when pressed. Commercial switches You can also buy switches from electronic stores and attach them to the GoGo board. These switches come in many shapes and sizes. The most common ones are lever switches and push buttons. Light Sensors The most common light sensor is called LDR (Light Dependant Resistor). They are also known as "Photo cells." A LDR is basically a resistor that changes its resistance when light intensity changes. You often see them in automatic light stands. Since LDRs are simply resistors, you can just simply connect the two pins from the sensor to the GoGo board. A Simple Humidity Sensor You can simply connect two wires or paper clips to pins 1 and 2 of the GoGo board to measure humidity in the soil. When the soil gets moist, it conducts more electricity. Thus, the sensor readings you get will change as the soil humidity changes. This same idea can be used to make a water detector sensor. When the two wires touch water, the sensor readings will change.  You can improve the humidity sensor by connecting the two wires to a piece of gypsum, plaster, or any other material that absorbs water. The idea is still the same but you are improving the purity of the conductive medium. The sensor's behavior will not change too much from one place to another. Gypsum is the material they use to make building interiors (ceilings, walls, etc). Plaster is also used to cover walls and to make a patient's cast. Temperature Sensors To make a temperature sensor, you will need to find a thermistor. Some thermistors are simply resistors that changes their resistance as temperature changes. Other thermistors are active sensors that need extra power to function. Making Active Sensors Here are examples of useful active sensors. Reflective Light Sensors This type of sensor is useful when you want to detect object presence without touching it. For example, you want to detect when someone walks through a door, or when someone's hand gets too close. A simple idea for this sensor is to beam light on to a LDR (light sensor). If something passes by, it blocks the light and the LDR detects it. If the light source is a light bulb, then you are simply detecting shadows. If you use a laser pointer as you light source, you detection range can be very far and you readings will be very precise. There is another idea to accomplish the same task. You can beam light outwards and measure the amount of light that is reflected back.  When there is nothing to block the light, the reflected light will be very small. However, if an object blocks the light, it reflects more the light back. This is what we call a reflective light sensor. The benefit of this kind of sensor is that the sensor is located all in one place and no alignment is needed when you change the direction of the sensor. You can make reflective sensors simply with an LED and an LDR. You need to use a bright LED. This works but the detection range will be limited (less than 1 inch).  There can also be a lot of interferences from external light sources as well. Here is a schematic of how this sensor can be built for the GoGo board. Theresistor is there to limit the current that goes through the LED. The smaller the resistor value the brighter the LED. Using Infrared (IR) Light A better version of the above reflective sensor is to use Infrared light (IR), as there is much less interferences. IR is a kind of light that humans cannot see. This is nice when you do not want people to see your sensor (i.e. in security systems). Notice in the diagram that we use an IR phototransistor instead of the LDR. In this case, the two functions the same way, but the IR phototransistor is much more sensitive to IR light than an LDR. The following is a schematic of how to build this sensor. Commercial Reflective Sensors You can also buy commercial IR reflective sensors as well. They normally come in a compact size and the sensor readings are more reliable. [ example of commercial IR reflective sensors] Here is an example of how to assemble a commercial  IR reflective sensor (digikey.com partnumber QRD1114-ND). Hall Effect (magnetic field)  Sensor You can use this sensor to detect the presence of magnets. The applications are similar to the IR reflective sensor but they do not depend on light, which often means they are more reliable. However, you need to have a magnet while light is almost everywhere. Here's an example of how to assemble a Hall Effect sensor (from digikey.com, part number DN6848-ND) Where to find sensors In the US, many places sell sensors. Radio shack is one of the most common places to look for. There are also on-line stores that provides even larger collection of sensors. Here is a list of a few websites that you should know: www.radioshack.com - website of the famous electronics retail store. www.allelectronics.com - This site has a huge collection of low-cost electronics parts. If price is your biggest concern, this is where to go. www.digikey.com - This is one of the largest on-line electronic store on the Internet.Here are a few digikey sensor part numbers:   Sensor Part Number Thermistor KC005T-ND Push button SW411-ND Lever switch SW152-ND IR reflective QRD1114-ND Hall Effect DN6848-ND Other references Building Sensors and Motors for the Red and Blue Dot Cricket. Fred Martin wrote very nice documentation explaining how to make sensors for the crickets. Many sensors used with the GoGo board are inspired by his work.
Last updated: 9/25/2003

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Cinta yang Terbaik

cp bilang cari psangan tu sulit,
gk perlu d cari ja dateng sendirikok
mencari pasangan itu mudah, tp
mendapatkan pasangan yg ideal
yg terbaik buat kita itu tidak mudah!

Ada istilah!
get something that is easy, but it's hard to
get my best ....
Mendapatkan sesuatu itu mudah, tapi mendapatkan yg terbaik itu tidak mudah!

Tk semua orang bsa mngerti U
tk semua orang bsa memehami U
tk semua orang bsa membahagiakan U
tk semua orang mampu mmbuat senyum d wjah U

tak usah mencari yg terbaik
tp buatlah ia mnjd yg terbaik
dan untuk dirinya U mnjd yg terbaik
kau tau kbahagiaan tu datang dri kebaikan ...

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profile sekolah smp 1 selogiri

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poto cayank

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Apa Itu Sensor Garis ?

Sensor garis atau sensor proximity adalah jenis sensor yang yang berfungsi mendeteksi warna garis hitam atau putih. Biasanya sensor garis ini terdapat pada robot line follower atau line tracking. Dengan memanfaatkan IC comparator sebagai pembanding tegangan, yang nantinya akan menghasilkan output yang berbeda-beda.

Komponen sensor garis terdiri dari :
1. resistor 220 Ω
2. resistor 10 KΩ
3. trimpot 50 KΩ
4. LED / Infra Red
5. Photo Dioda / Photo Transistor
6. IC LM339 / IC LM324

Sensor Garis

Sifat Dari PhotoDioda :

- Jika terkena cahaya maka resistansi diodanya berkurang. Arus dan tegangan akan menuju ground.

- Jika tidak terkena cahaya maka resistansi diodanya meningkat. Arus dan Tegangan akan masuk ke kaki inverting (-).

Voutput = PORT

Berikut Rumus Comparator :

Voutput = (Vtrimpot – VphotoDioda )%90.Vcc

Misalkan :

Vtrimpot = 3 Volt

VphotoDioda= 3 Volt

Vcc = 5 Volt

maka :

Voutput = (3-3).%90.5

=(0) dari 4,5

=0V

- %90.vcc → untuk menentukan jarak output tegangan yang keluar dari komparator. Bila dilihat dari contoh diatas maka jarak output tegangan yang keluar antara 0-4,5.

- 0V → tegangan Output yang keluar dari comparator.

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Keperawanan Wanita

Keperawanan ..?. Halini mungkin masih tabuh untuk d
perbincangkan. Tp perlu kita ketahui.

Dalam dunia kedokteran!
Definisi perawan: Wanita dianggap perawan apabila selaput dara
atau hymen belum robek! (selaput darahnya blm robek)

lalu klau sudah robek sdah tdak perwan? Iya sudah tentu.

Robeknya selaput darah karena hubungan (kalimat di sensor).

Tp ada penyebab lain:
Karena strukturnya yang tipis,
penggunaan tampon dan olahraga berat juga dapat menyebabkan
robekan pada selaput dara, meskipun sangat jarang sekali terjadi.

Sekarang kita lihat dari sudut pandang agama.?

Dalam islam sbnarnya tdak berbeda, disebutkan!
Perempuan adalah makhluk istimewa. Allah SWT telah
menciptakan wanita dengan selaput dara yang dimilikinya tidaklah
bernilai cuma-cuma dan percuma. Keberadaanya adalah bukti
keseriusan wanita dalam menjaga dan memelihara kesucian iman
dan kegadisan. Organ itu juga menjadi saksi bahwa dirinya tidak
pernah melakukan hubungan sebelum menikah
sebagaimana telah menjadi hukum Allah.

Tp d sisi lain ada pandangan dlm islam, bahwa keperawanan tu.
Tubuh wanita yg blum di jamah oleh lelaki, bagian tudbuhnya dahi,
pipi, leher, bibir, dd, tlapak tangannya, perut dsb, dgn ciri2 tertentu?
saya mnemukan puluhan artikel, yg menyebutkannya! Tp saya blm
mnemukan hadis dan surat yg menjelaskan arti keperawanan!

Rintisan by: logboole.co.nr
admin: jupridh

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Keiklasan, Kesyukuran dan Cinta

Sahabatku yang baik hatinya,

Jika hatimu luber dengan keindahan cinta, engkau tak membutuhkan
apa-apa lagi.

Tapi, jika hatimu hampa dari cinta, maka tak penting apa pun yang
kau miliki, karena engkau akan selalu merasa kekurangan.

Sesungguhnya, keikhlasan menjadikanmu damai, kesyukuran
menjadikanmu kaya, dan cinta menjadikanmu terpenuhi.

Maka, marilah kita memelihara tiga mutiara kesurgaan di hati kita,
yaitu:

Keikhlasan, Kesyukuran, dan Cinta.

Terima kasih Tuhan.

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Cara engirim File via email

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Anugrah Terindah Untukmu

hari ini saya seperti melihat semuah film yg mengisahkan 2 remaja yg menjalin cinta. Sungguh sangat indah. Di tengah perbedaan mereka dpat bertahan.

Ini adalah sebagian kcil bukti bahwa cinta itu akan indah pd waktunya!

Ini bnar2 cinta
karna cinta nya di ungkapkan dlm kenyataan.

Mereka sdah tdak malu lg menunjukan rsa cintanya.
Karna mungkin mereka sdah berfikir bgini!

Dialah orang yg Q cinta!
Dialah orang yg ada untukku?
Dialah orang yg mencintaiku?
Dan mereka hanyalah orang yg mnumpang d dnia cinta kmi?
Karna cinta seolah dunia hanya milik berdua .....

Selamat untuk kalian berdua?
Dan saya doakan semoga klian dpat trs merajut kisah indah kalian berdua ....

Ingatlah selalu hari ni, karna suatu saat nanti. Ini akan menjadi kisah yg akan U bagi unduk siapa saja mungkin untuk anak2 kalian nanti?

Seandainya ....
Q hanya bsa berandai andai ....
Kau tau dimataku kau jauh lebih beruntung dariku ....

Hay bung yakinlah ini
dia adalah harta terbesar yg pernah U miliki
jangan pernah kau siasiakan dia ....
Karna hal yg U dapatkan sekarang
tak semua orang bsa mendapatkannya!!!!
Seribupuisicinta.tk

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Maulid Nabi Muhammad ( 5 Februari 2012 )

Hari ini minggu 5 Februari 2012,
dan hari ni bertepatan dgn hari Maulid Nabi Muhammad SAW. Hari seluruh umat islam merayakan hari kelahiran Nabi kita tercinta Muhammad S.A.W.

Hari ini bsa d bilang hari ulang tahun nabi muhammad.
Jadi tidah ada salahnya jk dirayakan. Seperti warga solo surakata dan sekitarnya. Yg merayakan hari Maulid nabi muhammad dengan menggelar parade. Yg kita kenal dgn sekatenan.

Sekaten atau upacara Sekaten (berasal dari kata Syahadatain
atau dua kalimat syahadat) adalah acara peringatan ulang tahun
nabi Muhammad s.a.w. yang diadakan pada tiap tanggal 5 bulan
Jawa Mulud (Rabiul awal tahun Hijrah) di alun-alun utara Surakarta
dan Yogyakarta. Upacara ini dulunya dipakai oleh Sultan
Hamengkubuwana I, pendiri keraton Yogyakarta untuk
mengundang masyarakat mengikuti dan memeluk agama Islam.

Pada hari pertama, upacara diawali saat malam hari dengan iring-
iringan abdi Dalem (punggawa kraton) bersama-sama dengan dua
set gamelan Jawa: Kyai Nogowilogo dan Kyai Gunturmadu. Iring-
iringan ini bermula dari pendopo Ponconiti menuju masjid Agung
di alun-alun utara dengan dikawal oleh prajurit Kraton. Kyai
Nogowilogo akan menempati sisi utara dari masjid Agung,
sementara Kyai Gunturmadu akan berada di Pagongan sebelah
selatan masjid. Kedua set gamelan ini akan dimainkan secara
bersamaan sampai dengan tanggal 11 bulan Mulud selama 7 hari
berturut-turut. Pada malam hari terakhir, kedua gamelan ini akan
dibawa pulang ke dalam Kraton.

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